An indicator that describes the total concentration of calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) ions in water, expressed in mg/L or mmol/L
Shows the chemical composition of water, which affects its suitability for domestic and industrial use
High hardness leads to sediment formation, reduces the effectiveness of detergents, and can affect the durability of equipment
In occupational health and safety assessments (drinking water quality)
In water control of industrial facilities (boilers, pipelines)
In environmental studies (assessment of the condition of water bodies)
